Bio-Protocol, Vol 16, Iss 3, 2026
Highlights
- A simple and reproducible histochemical method was developed to qualitatively detect lipid peroxidation in mosquito larvae.
- Schiff’s reagent enables in situ visualization of lipid-derived aldehydes while preserving tissue integrity.
- The method allows spatially resolved assessment of oxidative damage in whole larvae without tissue homogenization.
- This approach complements conventional assays and provides a rapid screening tool for ferroptosis-associated oxidative damage.
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation (LPO) is a major indicator of oxidative stress and cellular damage, frequently associated with environmental and toxicological stressors and mechanistically linked to ferroptotic regulated cell death (RCD). This protocol describes a simple and reproducible method for the qualitative in situ visualization of LPO in mosquito larvae using Schiff’s reagent, which histochemically labels reactive aldehyde groups [such as malondialdehyde (MDA)] generated during lipid degradation. Although Schiff’s reagent detects aldehydes commonly associated with lipid peroxidation, these compounds are not exclusive to LPO and may also arise from other oxidative processes. The method preserves tissue integrity, enabling direct, spatially resolved observation of oxidative damage in whole larvae. Following staining, larvae are rinsed in a stabilizing sulfite solution to maintain the characteristic magenta coloration. Using this assay, Culex quinquefasciatus larvae exposed to ferroptotic cyanobacteria, such as Synechocystis sp., exhibit a marked accumulation of lipid-derived aldehydes consistent with lipid ROS–mediated damage. This oxidative response is specifically suppressed by pre-treatment with the canonical ferroptosis inhibitor Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), which inhibits lipid peroxidation and significantly reduces larval mortality. As a complementary approach to traditional spectrophotometric assays such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), this qualitative method enables in situ visualization of lipid peroxidation without tissue homogenization, providing a rapid and biologically informative screening tool for assessing ferroptosis-associated oxidative damage in C. quinquefasciatus and other biological models exposed to multiple stressors.
